A Claim for Religious Discrimination against Coach Al West Assignment - 2

A Claim for Religious Discrimination against Coach Al West - Assignment Example Title 11 of the Civil Rights Act recognizes sports arena, stadium, and other public places of exhibition or entertainment as public accommodation places (Loevy, 1997). For that reason, Ahman could bring a claim for religious discrimination against the NWSU coach under the Title 11 of the Civil Rights Acts. Â  Question 2 Answer: Mohammed Ahman could also bring a religious discrimination claim against NWSU coach under the First Amendment Free Exercise Clause. The First Amendment Free Exercise Clause recognizes the individual right to practice his/her religion, without any form of interference from the government or from anybody else (First Amendment: Chapter 9, n.d). Although by discriminating Ahman on religious grounds NWSU coach did not directly deny Ahman his right to practice his religion, the discrimination, however, indirectly interfered with Ahman’s right to religious freedom recognized by the First Amendment Free Exercise Clause. By asking the football team to recite the Lord’s player after each practice, the NWSU coach failed to recognize the Ahman’s religious freedom to exercise his religion of choice; this action, therefore, amounts to interference with Ahman’s right to freely exercise his religion. Secondly, the NWSU coach’s constant inquir y from Ahman on the relationship between Al-Qaeda and Islam shows that the NWSU coach had a negative attitude towards Islam as a religion. The negative attitude towards Islam could make Ahman uncomfortable in practicing his religion; this again amounts to interference with Ahman’s right to freely exercise his religion.

Trust in a law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trust in a law - Case Study Example Since ex hypothesi the transfer is on trust, the resulting trust does not establish the trust but merely carries back to A the beneficial interest that has not been disposed of. Such resulting trusts may be called "automatic resulting trusts". It is further noted that Arnold paid for the loan amortization until his death in 2001. Thereafter Wendy invited Bill in writing to live with her stating that the letter had interests in the house as well. In this situation Wendy's action of writing a letter to Bill inviting him to move in with her and further stating that Bill had an interest in the aforesaid property created an express trust or by implication an implied truest. As a result of this, Bill paid the loan amortization installments amount equivalent to 25% of the original purchase price. Contrary to the original perception that Bill is not an actual party to the ownership of the freehold house bought by Arnold and Wendy who had in truth and in fact had joint ownership the turn of events because of Wendy's action of writing made Bill an owner also. ___________________________________ 3 Vandervell's Trusts (No. 2) (1974) ch. 269,; Megarry & Wade: The Law of Real Property (6th Edition) Serapio 3 According to the law, a trust can be created through a written document known as an express trust or can be created by implication known as an implied trust. Normally, a trust can be created by any one of the following to wit: (a) A written document created by the settler and signed by both the settler and the trustees, this is often referred to as an inter vivos or "living trust"; (b) an oral declaration; (c) the will of a decedent, usually called a testamentary trust; or (d) a court order. In this instant case there exists two... is. Such resulting trusts may be called "presumed resulting trusts."; (b) The second class of case is where the transfer of B is made o trusts which leave some or all of the beneficial interest undisposed of. Here B automatically holds on resulting trust for A to the extent that the beneficial interest has presumptions, but is the automatic consequence of A's failure to dispose of what is vested in him. Since ex hypothesi the transfer is on trust, the resulting trust does not establish the trust but merely carries back to A the beneficial interest that has not been disposed of. Such resulting trusts may be called "automatic resulting trusts". with her and further stating that Bill had an interest in the aforesaid property created an express trust or by implication an implied truest. As a result of this, Bill paid the loan amortization installments amount equivalent to 25% of the original purchase price. created by any one of the following to wit: (a) A written document created by the settler and signed by both the settler and the trustees, this is often referred to as an inter vivos or "living trust"; circumstances above, when Arnold died he left all his property to Wendy.

Essay on Abortion Essay Example for Free

Essay on Abortion Essay Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy. If a woman falls pregnant and she does not wish to go through with the pregnancy then she may choose to have an abortion. Abortion is a controversial issue, some people say it is ok to abort a baby but others are strongly against it. Sometimes people are against it because they believe it is wrong but some are against it because of their religion, their background and their up-bringing. People who are for abortion may have had one and therefore think it is ok or they may know someone who has had one. In this essay I will discuss the arguments for and the arguments against abortion. An argument in favour of abortion is if the woman was raped. If a woman was raped then she would often not want to keep a rapist’s child. Also she would probably be scarred for life, even without the baby. If she had the baby she would be reminded of the rape every single day of her life. When the baby gets older he/she would want to know who his/her dad was when he/she saw that every other child at school had a dad and he/she never, unless the mother has another partner. Secondly, the mother should be able to terminate the pregnancy if she is told that her unborn baby is going to have a disability. If your baby was born with a disability then you would struggle to cope, as would your family. When the baby grows older he/she may have difficulties in school and may even get bullied because of his/her disabilities. It would be possible to abort this baby as every parent wishes for a good, happy, normal life for their children. Lastly, a reason for a woman to have an abortion is if she is under the legal age of consent, sixteen. A young woman under sixteen may not be able to cope on her own and may not be able to provide the maternal and emotional support the baby needs. The girl also may have to leave school for a little while to take care of the baby which would make her fall behind on a lot of school work. She may have the pregnancy terminated because she may have wanted to go to college or university to study further. I feel that she should have the chance to live her life and be free without having any major responsibilities, like having to look after a baby. However, even though a woman may have a perfectly good reason to have an abortion she would still be killing a human life. Some women think they are doing the right thing at the time but when it comes to a later stage in life, many of them can regret their decisions. It would probably be at the back of their mind- they would think about it when they got the chance to. They would probably think how their lives would be different if they had had the baby. Furthermore, there are many people in the world that cannot conceive for many different reasons and would do anything for a child, therefore they would adopt. Instead of a woman having a termination because she think she is unable to cope then she could have the baby and then put it up for adoption. Sometimes in these situations women have the baby and they often change their mind about having the baby put up for adoption and they keep their baby. Of course if the woman still does not want the baby she may have him/her put up for adoption for another family to take care of. Lastly, if the woman is old enough and responsible enough to have sex then she should have to take responsibility of a pregnancy that results in her actions, even if this does mean having to leave school or to leave a brilliant job to raise a child. Any woman should have to take care of a baby because she knew what she was doing and knew what could be the consequences of her actions. Therefore she should not be allowed to terminate her pregnancy. Having researched the topic fully presented three arguments for abortion and three arguments against abortion, my opinion is that it should be legal but for one reason only – if the baby is going to have any sort of disability. In every other circumstance, it should be illegal because, as I said in one of my points, many couples are unable to have children of their own and this would give them a good chance to have a baby of their own.

Traditional Structured Systems Analysis and Design

Traditional Structured Systems Analysis and Design ABSTRACT: After surveying many articles as well as the current and popular textbooks on Systems Analysis and Design which include but are not limited to those mentioned in the references, tI have observed much discussion on the use of object-oriented analysis and design over the traditional structured systems analysis and design. While the use of OOAD methodology is justified in many cases, in some cases it may be inappropriate and we should consider the use of the traditional structured analysis methodology in the design and development of information systems. This essay attempts to clarify the use of these methodologies, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of each and to make recommendations. 1. INTRODUCTION The existing methodology used primarily in industry today in building computer-based applications is known as structured analysis and design. This methodology came into existence as a result of the structured programming techniques introduced in the 1970s. This structured systems development methodology (SDM) has been fine-tuned and used for many years in the real world. However, during the last several years object-oriented languages have become increasingly more popular and more widely used in industrial organizations as well as university institutions. As this trend continued a methodology was developed to assist the programmer with the development of applications using object-oriented languages. This methodology has become known as object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD).The OOAD strategy approaches the problem from an object perspective as opposed to a functional perspective, which is the primary focus of the traditional structured development methodology. During the last few years the increasing use of OOAD over the traditional structured development methodology has spread significantly. As newer and more sophisticated object-oriented languages are created, there appears to be an even greater need for an object-oriented approach to develop business applications. However, does this need warrant greater use of this new methodology over the traditional one? We will compare the two methodologies and their advantages and disadvantages in order to address this problem. 2. TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS DESIGN The systems development life cycle (SDLC) or the structured systems analysis design methodology (SSAD) is a framework of activities and tasks that need to be accomplished to develop an information system. This methodology as mentioned previously is called the waterfall model as each major phase of the methodology flows downward into the next phase (Wu and Wu, 1994). Consequently, this methodology is a strategy consisting of various techniques, tools, documentation and tasks that need to be integrated in order to develop the system. The SSAD is based on the concept of functional decomposition where the analyst breaks down the system into the basic processes that make it up and then breaks these down into smaller ones and so on until the analyst understands all the essential components of the system being investigated (Senn, 1989). The basic principles of the SSAD methodology can be summarized as follows: (1)The first principle of SSAD is top down functional decomposition. Here the system is considered in its entirety where the analyst first tries to understand the key features of the system, ignoring the smaller details until later. (2)Next the scope of system is defined where the physical details of the existing system are analyzed. The analyst focuses on two objectives: what the new system should do and how it should do it. (3)This methodology requires that the user be involved from the beginning to the end of project development. The analyst will meet with the user regularly to resolve problems and validate the users needs. This also requires that the analyst possess highly developed communication skills. (4)The two primary concerns in developing an information system are processes and data which are modeled independently with this methodology. The processes are modeled by the data flow diagrams which illustrate the flow of data between processes and data stores and how it is altered as it moves through the system from source to destination. Data models are defined by entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) which describe the data (entities) and the various associations among them. (5)This principle of independently modeling the data and processes continues throughout the design phase. The schema for the conceptual database model is defined and the database is developed, normalized and populated with data during implementation. At the same time the process model is transformed into modules to be developed, and this phase also includes developing the detailed program logic. From the structure charts and program logic the program modules are then developed. Finally, to validate that the system meets the users requirements, goals and objectives, we subject the system to various levels of testing. 3. OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS DESIGN Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a software engineering approach that models a system as a group of interacting objects. Each object represents some entity of interest in the system being modeled, and is characterized by its class, its state (data elements), and its behavior. Various models can be created to show the static structure, dynamic behavior, and run-time deployment of these collaborating objects. There are a number of different notations for representing these models, such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The object-oriented approach to system development views an information system as a collection of interacting objects that work together to accomplish tasks. Conceptually there are no separate processes or programs; there are no separate data entities or files. The system in operation consists of objects. An object is a thing in the computer system that is capable of responding to messages. Consequently, the OOAD methodology can be broken up into two major areas: (1) Object-oriented analysis. This is concerned with developing an object-oriented model of the problem (application) domain. These identified objects represent entities, and possess relationships and methods that are necessary for the problem to be resolved. Object-oriented analysis (OOA) applies object-modeling techniques to analyze the functional requirements for a system. Object-oriented design (OOD) elaborates the analysis models to produce implementation specifications. OOA focuses on what the system does, OOD on how the system does it. Object-oriented analysis (OOA) looks at the problem domain, with the aim of producing a conceptual model of the information that exists in the area being analyzed. Analysis models do not consider any implementation constraints that might exist, such as concurrency, distribution, persistence, or how the system is to be built. Implementation constraints are dealt during object-oriented design (OOD). Analysis is done before the Design.The sources f or the analysis can be a written requirements statement, a formal vision document, interviews with stakeholders or other interested parties. A system may be divided into multiple domains, representing different business, technological, or other areas of interest, each of which are analyzed separately. The result of object-oriented analysis is a description of what the system is functionally required to do, in the form of a conceptual model. That will typically be presented as a set of use cases, one or more UML class diagrams, and a number of interaction diagrams. It may also include some kind of user interface mock-up. The purpose of object oriented analysis is to develop a model that describes computer software as it works to satisfy a set of customer defined requirements. (2) Object-oriented design. This is concerned with developing an object-oriented model of the system necessary to implement the specified requirements. The analysts and programmers must think in terms of things (objects) rather than processes or functions. Object-oriented design (OOD) transforms the conceptual model produced in object-oriented analysis to take account of the constraints imposed by the chosen architecture and any non-functional technological or environmental constraints, such as transaction throughput, response time, run-time platform, development environment, or programming language. The concepts in the analysis model are mapped onto implementation classes and interfaces. The result is a model of the solution domain, a detailed description of how the system is to be built. Although object-oriented technologies have existed for quite some time, the phrase object-oriented has gained much popularity (along with buzzword status) in recent years. Indeed, the phrase is often bandied about with reckless abandon, which serves to obscure its real meaning. To further confuse matters, it is used to describe everything from development environments to programming languages to databases. So what does the term object-oriented really mean? The term seems to be thrown about indiscriminately; anything from programming languages to drawing tools might be labeled as object-oriented. There are primarily three uses of object-oriented methodology: object-oriented analysis (OOA), which deals with the design requirements and overall architecture of a system; object-oriented design (OOD), which translates a system architecture into programming constructs (such as interfaces, classes, and method descriptions); and object-oriented programming (OOP), which implements these programming constructs. So, object-oriented can be taken to mean the various methodologies, described briefly herein, used to design and implement software. 4. CONCLUSION For a specific application the first task is to decide which methodology is most appropriate for its development. Sometimes we may have to adapt different methodologies. Some guidelines might be that simple tasks may be better achieved by structured programming methods while the use of object-oriented methods might be better suited for higher levels of abstraction. This may also help with module design and problem decomposition. For situations in which the data is more likely to change than its functionality, objects would be more appropriate. In order for companies to transition from the SSAD methodology to the OOAD methodology, they need to understand the substance of the change and the barriers that must be overcome; otherwise moving to this new methodology may end in failure. Consequently, for analysts and programmers to embrace this new methodology, they need to reorient their thinking from the functional perspective to the object perspective. More specifically for analysts and programmers with experience in the traditional methodology, training should be given to emphasize the modeling aspects of the methodology as opposed to learning the syntax and features of an object-oriented language. The transition from SSAD to OOAD can be made easier by supervised training and the use of object-oriented tools. Although the OOAD methodology provides many benefits, it does not resolve all the issues associated with the traditional SSAD methodology. There are still some shortcomings and weaknesses that need to be addressed which include: the amount of training needed, the time necessary to learn the new methodology, and the amount of money to invest in it. According to Glass (Glass, 2002) there is no guarantee that the adoption of a new technology will result in it being used effectively and efficiently. In addition, if the organization completely submerges itself in the new OOAD methodology, there can be costly and destructive results. Consequently, to take advantage of all the positive benefits that the new methodology offers, the organization needs to develop a carefully planned and gradual introduction of the methodology to all the system developers. Before any effort is made to use the OOAD methodology as mentioned previously, it is imperative that the necessary education be provided in order to assure its success. The skills, knowledge and experience of the systems analyst and programmers who are indoctrinated in the traditional SSAD methodology can be enhanced by the new methods. Since changes to the basic structure of the OOAD methodology are stressful to manage, first attempts to use this methodology should be applied only to small scale and non critical applications. This will enable the company to receive immediate feedback and to have time to make any necessary modifications in the application of the OOAD methodology. Consequently, the benefits and advantages gained from using the new OOAD methodology can be much greater and more rewarding for the organization in the long term than using the traditional SSAD methodology.

Deadly Outbreak :: SARS Health Medical Essays

Deadly Outbreak It is March 2003 and my life-long dream of traveling around the world is finally coming true. It seems like since I was born I have longed to visit the far corners of the world, and finally, now that I finished college and I have some time to travel I get to visit Europe and Asia. Yet somehow my visit to Asia is not exactly what I imagined it would be. It is not the diverse culture; it is not the unusual food; it is not the remarkable atmosphere or the people that are marring my trip. It is a deadly outbreak of a disease that only emerged a few months ago. They call it SARS, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. I am in Hong Kong, one of the world's most demanding and most interesting places in the world, yet I am trapped on the 19th floor of my hotel, staring at the busy sidewalks from my window. The busy sidewalks that I see are not nearly as busy as they should be. People are afraid. The World Health Organization says the disease symptoms mimic those of influenza, starting with fever, headaches, cough, and body aches that are hard to distinguish from other respiratory illnesses. That is why this disease went undetected for some time. SARS is a virus from a family of viruses that cause a small percentage of common colds. The average time from when the patient gets infected to when he/she develops the disease is five days; however, the incubation period lasts anywhere from two to ten days. The worrisome fact about this new disease is that it is highly contagious. Studies done at universities in the Netherlands and China say that SARS may even be transmitted through contaminated food and water, sweat, and any other body fluids. Thus, the reasons for my watching the busy sidewalks instead of walking the busy sidewalks. I want to live to travel the rest of the world, so I would rather enjoy the view at this particular moment, rather than join in the cultural activities. It was only a few days ago that I joined the crowds in the swarming subway stations and walked the vendor-filled sidewalks. Nonetheless, the face-masks, gloves, scarves, glasses and other protective gear that are the fashions of the moment made me feel like the best precaution may be to stay away.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Education Teaching Careers Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy In this day in age, opposing views and philosophies are emerging in the public school systems quicker that we can really develop a thorough understand and sound, sturdy opinion of them. As an educator, I believe it is important to be supportive and open-minded for the students. My concern is not only for the students’ education, but also their personal well being and emotions. Every student is raised differently, with beliefs and morals that may oppose the beliefs of their fellow students and teachers, as well as other members of their community. These students should not feel segregated or suffer from the harsh words and acts of others that may disagree with their views. My job is to secure the feelings of each student and to help them realize that this is one of life’s lessons and that they should face the world with an open mind and warm heart. These ideas represent my own personal beliefs. After reviewing the several different philosophies discussed in my education class, I have come to realize that I do not believe in one particular philosophy. I agree with several aspects of each of the different philosophies that are prominent in our nation’s schools. My classroom is going to be a positive learning environment and a comfortable, welcoming setting for all of my students. To be a great teacher, I need to be able to understand where my students are coming from when they express their concerns or show signs of confusion, pain, or any other behaviors that do not correspond with their personality. I want to know my students on an individual basis where I can have a loving, caring, understanding and open relationship with them and still gain their respect for me as an educator. The teachers that remain in my memory the most where the ones that thoroughly taught their lessons and strived to help each individual student understand the material and work to their fullest potential. These teachers were also the ones who expressed the most care and love for their students. They worked to develop a strong bond with each individual student so that they may feel secure and comfortable in their classroom, knowing that if they ever needed any help or support, their teacher was always the one they could turn to for guidance.

Chopra & Meindl

1. Consider a supermarket deciding on the size of its replenishment order from Proctor & Gamble. What costs should it take into account when making this decision? The main cost categories for the supermarket’s inventory policy are material costs, ordering costs, and holding costs. Material cost is the money paid to Proctor and Gamble for the goods themselves. Ordering costs, also called procurement costs, are incurred by requesting the goods from the supplier and are fixed in the sense that they do not vary with the size of the order. Examples of such fixed costs are the labor required to place the order, handle the resultant paperwork and the transportation fee to ship the order. The holding cost is the cost to carry one unit in inventory for a specified period of time, usually one year. This cost is variable and includes the cost of capital and all of the costs associated with physically storing inventory – shrinkage, spoilage or obsolescence, insurance, the cost of capital, the cost of the warehouse space, etc. 2. Discuss how various costs for the supermarket change as it decreases the lot size ordered from Proctor & Gamble. As the lot size ordered from the supplier decreases, the holding cost (variable with respect to lot size) decreases. As the lot size decreases, the ordering cost remains the same, but the annual ordering cost will rise since the total number of orders each year must increase. As the lot size decreases, the cost of the materials will drop on a per-order basis but will stay the same on an annual basis since total annual demand hasn’t changed. The exception to this occurs if the supplier has a price break for an order size above a certain threshold; in this case the cost of the goods might increase if the reduced order size is not sufficient to trigger a substantial per unit discount. 3. As demand at the supermarket chain grows, how would you expect the cycle inventory measured in days of inventory to change? Explain. As the demand at the supermarket chain grows, we would expect the cycle inventory as measured in days of inventory to also increase, although the increase in cycle inventory is only 40% of the increase in demand. This is because the relationship between the optimal lot size Q* and the annual demand D is [pic]. Since D is under the radical, its doubling to 2D does not translate to a jump from a Q* to a 2Q* order; it translates to a jump from a Q* to a 1. 4Q* order. 4. The manager at the supermarket wants to decrease the lot size without increasing the costs he incurs. What actions can he take to achieve his objective? One action would be to simply decrease the lot size and let the robust nature of the EOQ model work its magic. The total cost curve on either side of the optimal order quantity, the Q*, is relatively flat, so movements in either direction have little impact on total annual procurement and carrying costs. If greater cuts in lot size are desired, the manager can aggregate multiple products in a single order. Recall that the EOQ model is based on a one-product-at-a-time assumption; if multiple products are aggregated, then the fixed procurement cost is spread over all of the items and dramatic lot size reductions are possible. If the same products are being ordered by another supermarket in the same chain (or at least by stores that are willing to cooperate) the combined orders can be delivered by a single truck making multiple stops, thereby reducing transportation expense. Other techniques that should be deployed when aggregating across product lines include advanced shipping notices and RFID tags that will make inventory tracking and warehouse management simpler. 5. When are quantity discounts justified in a supply chain? Quantity discounts are justified in a supply chain as long as they are the fruits of a coordinated supply chain and maximize total supply chain profits. For commodity products for which price is set by the market, manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits. 6. What is the difference between lot size-based and volume-based quantity discounts? Lot size discounts are based on the quantity purchased per lot, not the rate of purchase. Lot size-based discounts tend to raise cycle inventory in the supply chain by encouraging retailers to increase the size of each lot. Lot size-based discounts make sense only when the manufacturer incurs a very high fixed cost per order. For commodity products for which price is set by the market, manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits. Volume discounts are based on the rate of purchase or volume purchased per specified time period. Volume-based discounts are compatible with small lots that reduce the cycle inventory. If the manufacturer does not incur a very high fixed cost per order, it is better for the supply chain to have volume-based discounts. For products for which a firm has market power, volume-based discounts can be used to achieve coordination in the supply chain and maximize supply chain profits. 7. Why do manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee offer trade promotions? What impact do trade promotions have on the supply chain? How should trade promotions be structured to maximize their impact while minimizing the additional cost they impose on the supply chain? Manufacturers use trade promotions to offer a discounted price and a time period over which the discount is effective. The goal of manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee is to influence retailers to act in a way that helps the manufacturer achieve its objectives. These objectives may include increased sales, a shifting of inventory from manufacturer to retailer, and defense against the competition. Trade promotions may cause a retailer to pass through some or all of the promotion to customers to spur sales, which increases sales for the entire supply chain. What happens more frequently in practice is that retailers may choose to pass through very little of the promotion to customers, purchase in greater quantities, and hold this cheaper inventory in greater quantities. This action increases both cycle inventory and flow times within the supply chain. Trade promotions should be structured such that a retailer’s optimal response benefits the entire supply chain, i. e. , retailers limit their forward buying and pass along more of the discount to end customers. If the manufacturer has accumulated excessive inventory, then a trade promotion may provide sufficient incentive to the buyer to forward buy, thus drawing inventories down to an appropriate level. The manufacturer may be able to smooth demand by shifting it to a period of anticipated low demand with a trade promotion. Research has shown that trade promotions by the manufacturer are effective for products with high deal elasticity that ensures high pass-through (passing the discount on to the consumer) and high holding costs that ensure low forward buying, paper goods being the poster child for this combination. Trade promotions are also more effective with strong brands relative to weak brands and may make sense as a competitive response. 8. Why is it appropriate to include only the incremental cost when estimating the holding and order cost for a firm? The cycle inventory models discussed in the chapter are robust; thus incremental (variable) costs per lot size are more important than costs that are fixed with respect to lot size. The labor component of procurement or setup costs may be salaried; therefore changes in lot size do not impact this component.